基于监测数据的全国地下水质动态变化特征     

殷秀兰  李圣品 《地质学报》2021,95(5):1356-1365

地下水质动态变化及其趋势研判是区域水资源调配决策的重要依据.本文以全国2007～2017年国家级地下水监测网水质数据为基础,结合典型地区的代表性监测组分超标特征及动态趋势,开展了地下水质动态变化过程研究,结果表明:全国地下水监测中以Ⅳ类水质点占比最大,其次为Ⅱ类水质点;Ⅰ～Ⅲ类水质点数量较少,而且占比以降低为主,Ⅳ和Ⅴ类地下水监测点逐渐增加,其中Ⅳ类水质点的比例由40.50％增加至51.45％;全国地下水质主要的超标组分为pH、总硬度、总溶解性固体、硫酸盐、氯化物、高锰酸钾指数、铁、锰、氟化物、"三氮".以华北地区、华东地区、西南地区和西北地区为代表,分析研究典型地区地下水质的动态变化过程及其影响因素,结果显示,在地下水位变化较大的地区,地下水质状况随着地下水位变化明显,在地下水位波动较小的地区,地下水质状况也基本上变化较小.研究成果对于科学评价地下水资源、合理制定区域地下水开发利用规划、防治地下水污染等具有一定的指导作用.  相似文献   

Microplastic pollution in surface water and sediments of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Current status and causes     

《China Geology》2021,4(1):178-184

To study the current status and causes of the microplastic pollution in surface water of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, this paper compared the average microplastic abundance in sediments and surface water of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the results are as follows. First, the average microplastic abundance in surface water of the independent rivers and the whole area is 247–2686 items/m³ and 856 items/m³, respectively. The average microplastic abundance in sediments of independent rivers or lakes and the whole area is 0–933 items/m² and 362 items/m², respectively. Meanwhile, the degree of microplastic pollution in river sediments is higher than that in lake sediments, and the rivers suffering from microplastic pollution mainly include the Brahmaputra River, Tongtian River, and Nujiang River. Second, compared with the microplastic pollution in other areas of the world, the levelof microplastic pollution in the lakes and rivers of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau is not lower than that of well-developed areas with more intensive human activities. Finally, this study suggests that relevant government departments of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau should strengthen waste management strategies while developing tourism and that much attention should be paid to the impacts of microplastics in the water environment.©2021 China Geology Editorial Office.  相似文献   

Sensitivity assessment of strontium isotope as indicator of polluted groundwater for hydraulic fracturing flowback fluids produced in the Dameigou Shale of Qaidam Basin          下载免费PDF全文

Zheng Zhao-xian  Cui Xiao-shun  Zhu Pu-cheng  Guo Si-jia 《地下水科学与工程》2021,9(2):93-101

Hydrogeochemical processes that would occur in polluted groundwater and aquifer system, may reduce the sensitivity of Sr isotope being the indicator of hydraulic fracturing flowback fluids(HFFF) in groundwater. In this paper, the Dameigou shale gas field in the northern Qaidam Basin was taken as the study area, where the hydrogeochemical processes affecting Sr isotope was analysed. Then, the model for Sr isotope in HFFF-polluted groundwater was constructed to assess the sensitivity of Sr isotope as HFFF indicator. The results show that the dissolution can release little Sr to polluted groundwater and cannot affect the εSr(the deviation of the 87 Sr/86 Sr ratio) of polluted groundwater. In the meantime, cation exchange can considerably affect Sr composition in the polluted groundwater. The Sr with low εSr is constantly released to groundwater from the solid phase of aquifer media by cation exchange with pollution of Quaternary groundwater by the HFFF and it accounts for 4.6% and 11.0% of Sr in polluted groundwater when the HFFF flux reaches 10% and 30% of the polluted groundwater, respectively. However, the Sr from cation exchange has limited impact on Sr isotope in polluted groundwater. Addition of Sr from cation exchange would only cause a 0.2% and 1.2% decrease in εSr of the polluted groundwater when the HFFF flux reaches 10% and 30% of the polluted groundwater, respectively. These results demonstrate that hydrogeochemical processes have little effect on the sensitivity of Sr isotope being the HFFF indicator in groundwater of the study area. For the scenario of groundwater pollution by HFFF, when the HFFF accounts for 5%(in volume percentage) of the polluted groundwater, the HFFF can result in detectable shifts of εSr(ΔεSr=0.86) in natural groundwater. Therefore, after consideration of hydrogeochemical processes occurred in aquifer with input of the HFFF, Sr isotope is still a sensitive indicator of the Quaternary groundwater pollution by the HFFF produced in the Dameigou shale of Qaidam Basin.  相似文献   

双雷达风场反演拼图在登陆台风“莫兰蒂”(1614)强降水精细预报中的同化应用试验   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

王叶红  赵玉春  罗昌荣  韩颂雨 《气象学报》2019,77(4):617-644

利用福建龙岩、漳州、泉州新一代多普勒天气雷达和厦门海沧双偏振雷达探测资料,采用动态地球坐标系下双雷达三维风场反演与拼图技术,基于天气研究和预报模式（Weather Research and Forecasting,WRF）及其资料同化系统,对登陆台风“莫兰蒂”（1614）引起的2016年9月14—15日福建强降水过程进行了双雷达风场反演拼图资料检验及其三维变分同化对强降水精细预报影响的数值试验,结果发现:（1）动态地球坐标系下双雷达反演风场能合理反映实际风场分布状况,其误差相对较小。相较厦门翔安风廓线雷达及厦门探空秒级测风数据,反演风风向（风速）平均绝对误差分别为7.8°（2.6 m/s）及3.4°（1.1 m/s）;（2）反演风场水平方向稀疏化对同化及预报结果极为重要,过密的反演风场资料会给同化及预报结果带来负效果。文中采用18、6、2 km 3重嵌套,在3重嵌套区域均进行同化以及仅在2 km区域进行同化两种情况下,均表现为当反演风场资料水平分辨率提高到0.1°时,同化分析及预报的台风环流开始受到负影响;且当反演风场资料水平分辨率越高时,负效果越明显。敏感性试验结果显示,分辨率取0.2°时数值预报效果最好;（3）以美国国家环境预报中心全球预报系统（National Centers for Environmental Prediction/Global Forecast System,NCEP/GFS）0.5°×0.5°分析场为初值,基于3个不同起报时刻（2016年9月14日14时、20时及15日02时）（北京时,下同）模拟的福建省境内台风内核雨带和螺旋雨带逐时演变、台风路径与强度、逐时降水TS评分和空间相关差异显著,其中14日14时起报试验效果最好;而14日20时起报试验效果最差,这与该试验初始台风大风轴风速明显偏大有关;（4）在上述3个不同起报时刻试验基础上,分别增加双雷达反演风场资料的三维变分同化后,福建境内地面风场和台风内核雨带、螺旋雨带逐时分布、逐时降水TS评分和空间相关、台风环流结构以及U、V风垂直廓线分布均有明显改善,最大正影响时效可达24 h;但仅对1—6 h时效内台风路径有改善。   相似文献   

WRF模式中不同土地利用数据对新疆一次高温天气模拟的影响     

马玉芬  肖莲媛  李火青  杜娟 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2019,(1):52-62

本研究在WRF(v3.8.1)中分别使用MODIS 21类和USGS 24类土地利用类型数据,模拟了新疆2017年7月9日的极端高温天气,并在对模拟温度进行了高度订正的基础上,对比了两种土地利用数据对2 m温度预报的影响。结果表明:(1)MODIS和USGS在新疆地区的土地利用差异主要在阿尔泰山、天山以及南疆西部的昆仑山北部海拔3000 m以上的高山带,相应地,使用USGS模拟的这些高山带2 m气温明显高于使用MODIS的模拟值,最高偏高12 K左右,是全疆范围内两者偏差的极大值。(2)就新疆区域而言,使用USGS模拟的2 m气温整体优于使用MODIS的模拟值,且USGS模拟的2 m温度整体低于MODIS模拟的2 m温度。两者与实况的偏差多在2 K以内。(3)在伊犁河谷,MODIS土地利用类型主要为"旱地/草地",USGS为"草地"和"农田/林地马赛克"。伊犁河谷代表站点2 m温度模拟多以高温偏低、低温偏高为主。(4)与MODIS相比,USGS中哈密地区"农田/林地马赛克"所占比重明显增大。哈密地区多数代表站点高、低温均以偏低为主。(5)站点温度的高度订正多以调低为主,调低幅度最大值为1.9 K,出现在伊犁河谷的尼勒克站。站点2 m温度的调整幅度整体上明显大于MODIS和USGS模拟2 m温度的差值,由此可见温度高度订正的必要性。  相似文献   

苏州市一次重霾污染天气过程的数值模拟   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

吴珂  包云轩  蔡敏  金建平  牛利  严明良 《气象科学》2019,39(1):104-116

本文对苏州地区2015年12月13—15日发生的一次典型的重霾污染天气过程进行了数值模拟,分析了颗粒物及其组分的时空变化特征及其气象影响因子,以期为该区域空气污染治理和预防提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)利用WRF-Chem模式对此次重霾污染天气过程的污染气体成分进行数值模拟后发现,小时平均的PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、CO、SO_2、NO_2模拟值与实测值的相关系数较高,达到0.68以上,通过了P0.01的显著性检验,且日变化过程对应也较好。(2)通过分析此次污染过程的天气背景,发现污染形成期高空环流比较平直,中层为均匀的弱高压控制,地面受弱高压脊控制,这种形势容易导致颗粒物的堆积。后期地面等压线密集时,风速大,有利于污染物的输送与扩散。(3)通过分析此次污染过程期间气象要素的变化发现,有逆温、风速小、相对湿度大等不利的气象条件是导致此次污染过程发生的重要原因之一。(4)HYSPLIT轨迹分析显示,此次重霾过程主要受北方大范围灰霾颗粒物南下影响,北方污染气团逐步南推,14至15日本地大气扩散条件差、污染物累积,最终导致本地污染加重,从而发生重霾事件。(5)火点图的分布进一步验证了此次重霾污染过程是由外来污染气团输入所导致。  相似文献   

京津冀地区低层局地大气环流的气候特征研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3       下载免费PDF全文

曾佩生  朱蓉  范广洲  李泽椿  王月冬 《气象》2019,45(3):381-394

本文采用2007-2016年的中尺度数值模拟结果和15个地面气象站观测资料,定义了局地风场表征风速,研究京津冀平原地区局地大气环流日变化的气候特征,并对区域大气污染及其输送的影响进行分析。此外,对2016年12月30日至2017年1月7日北京地区跨年大气重污染过程进行了个例分析。得到结论:京津冀平原地区低空风场变化是天气系统与局地大气环流共同作用的结果,山谷风环流致使太行山和燕山沿线平原地区大气边界层内的长年主导风向为偏北和偏南;太行山和燕山沿线地区山谷风环流本身呈顺时针旋转的日变化特征,夜间至早晨谷风转向山风,午后至夜间山风转向谷风;在午后谷风向山风转向期间,容易形成沿太行山东麓和燕山南麓、自南向东北的"弓形"气流输送通道,此气流输送通道在1月于21时左右形成,持续时间大约3 h,在7月于18时左右形成,持续时间可达9 h;冬季午后至晚间盛行谷风时,受山体的阻挡,污染物容易在山前累积,导致污染浓度增高;夏季同样的情况会发生在后半夜。  相似文献   

Household dependence on solid cooking fuels in Peru: An analysis of environmental and socioeconomic conditions     

《Global Environmental Change》2019

Solid fuel use is linked with adverse effects on the environment and human health. Yet, solid fuels remain an important energy source for households in developing countries. Even when country-level dependence on solid fuels is modest, there is often significant variation in within-country patterns of solid fuel use. This study examines a range of environmental and socioeconomic conditions to understand the relationship between them and household energy use within a country. While our results are derived from a study of regional patterns of solid fuel dependence in Peru, the contribution of this study is broad: variables that we include in our models of households’ fuel choice decisions are likely to shape such decisions in most developing countries. Our findings indicate that environmental conditions, such as elevation and forest cover, are associated with solid fuel use. Socioeconomic factors, including urbanization, poverty and female literacy, are similarly important. In addition, we identify nuanced links between types of female employment and indigenous population, on the one hand, and solid fuel use, on the other.  相似文献   

安徽贵池地区富硒土壤地球化学特征及开发利用潜力     

梁胜跃  徐明钻  刘建东 《江苏地质》2023,47(4):402-411

为了解安徽贵池地区富硒土壤特征与潜力,服务当地富硒土地资源开发,选择贵池西部开展土壤地球化学测量试验,探讨Se、I等有益元素的富集特征、成因及潜力,Cd、As等有害元素的超标特征及成因等,结合研究区土壤中有益、有害元素特征,讨论富硒土地资源及其开发优势。发现表层和深层土壤中Se等有益元素含量总体较高,其中Se含量达到富硒土地标准的表层土壤点位占全部样品点位的76%;表层土壤中Cd含量超标的点位占48%,其他有害元素仅个别点位超标,Cd是制约该地区富硒土地资源开发的主要不利因素。在研究区圈定了61.4 km2的富硒土地资源,认为研究区东部土壤富硒的物质来源是二叠系灰岩,可以利用当地灰岩提升富硒土地资源品质,降低生态风险。  相似文献   

Estimate of heavy metals in soil and streams using combined geochemistry and field spectroscopy in Wan-sheng mining area,Chongqing, China     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2015

Heavy metals contaminated soils and water will become a major environmental issue in the mining areas. This paper intends to use field hyper-spectra to estimate the heavy metals in the soil and water in Wan-sheng mining area in Chongqing. With analyzing the spectra of soil and water, the spectral features deriving from the spectral of the soils and water can be found to build the models between these features and the contents of Al, Cu and Cr in the soil and water by using the Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression (SMLR). The spectral features of Al are: 480 nm, 500 nm, 565 nm, 610 nm, 680 nm, 750 nm, 1000 nm, 1430 nm, 1755 nm, 1887 nm, 1920 nm, 1950 nm, 2210 nm, 2260 nm; The spectral features of Cu are: 480 nm, 500 nm, 610 nm, 750 nm, 860 nm, 1300 nm, 1430 nm, 1920 nm, 2150 nm, 2260 nm; And the spectral features of Cr are: 480 nm, 500 nm, 610 nm, 715 nm, 750 nm, 860 nm, 1300 nm, 1430 nm, 1755 nm, 1920 nm, 1950 nm. With these features, the best models to estimate the heavy metals in the study area were built according to the maximal R². The R² of the models of estimating Al, Cu and Cr in the soil and water are 0.813, 0.638, 0.604 and 0.742, 0.584, 0.513 respectively. And the gradient maps of these three types of heavy metals’ concentrations can be created by using the Inverse distance weighted (IDW).The gradient maps indicate that the heavy metals in the soil have similar patterns, but in the North-west of the streams in the study area, the contents are of great differences. These results show that it is feasible to predict contaminated heavy metals in the soils and streams due to mining activities by using the rapid and cost-effective field spectroscopy.  相似文献